N°6, novembre - décembre 2009

Premier Empire

Administrations, Diplomatie

La mission de Caulaincourt à Saint-Pétersbourg en 1801. Une première expérience du futur duc de Vicence à la cour de Russie
Olivier VARLAN, Archiviste paléographe (France)
RésuméAbstract

Caulaincourt’s appointment as French ambassador after the meeting in Tilsit, in 1807, was in part as a result of his diplomatic experience, in Constantinople in 1797 and most of all at St Petersburg in 1801-1802. After the failure of the Franco-Russian rapprochement of 1801 and the murder of Paul I, the accession of Alexander I coincided with a Francophobic reaction in Russian society, though this was to be tempered by the peace preliminaries between France and Britain which began halfway through 1801. In the context of this European cease-fire, Bonaparte sought to better his relations with Russia, in an effort to counterbalance British influence and to prepare for the future. As a result, Colonel Caulaincourt was sent to St Petersburg in November 1801 to prepare for the arrival of the future French ambassador. His mission had no precise political aims: it was just a question of recreating links via the re-establishment of diplomatic representation. Whilst the mission itself had little effect on European affairs, Caulaincourt’s stay in St Petersburg was to be a defining moment in his career and lay the foundations for his future ambassadorship. As he discovered Russian society at play he also created his first links with the emperor Alexander and his ministers. At the same time, he began to form his future political obsessions dominated as they were ideas of continental equilibrium guaranteed by a Franco-Russian alliance. On his return to France, in May 1802, he was to become ADC (1802) and then Grand Ecuyer (1804) and as such an important member of Bonaparte’s entourage. As he gradually entered the inner sanctum of Napoleon’s collaborators, and in the light of his links with, and experience of, Russia, Caulaincourt in 1807 was the obvious candidate for the key embassy whose mission was to establish the Franco-Russian alliance.

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