N°1, mai - août 2008

Second Empire

Histoire politique

Le 2 Décembre, l’archétype du coup d’État ?
Emmanuel CHERRIER, Maître de conférences en Sciences politiques à l'Université de Valenciennes (France)
RésuméAbstract

If, according to the famous remark made by François Mitterrand, the Fifth Republic is a «permanent coup d’Etat», then the 2nd December, 1851, which was also a coup d’Etat, is a permanent paradox. From the moment it ‘struck’, on the morning of 2 December, more to the right than to the left, at the end of a complicated period, the regime of the second Napoleon was nevertheless pushed towards the right, and this right was to provide a number of official candidates for the general election of February 1852. Beyond these involuntary consequences, or the direction later attributed to it, it is the technical side of the coup d’Etat which provides matter for investigation here. The fact is, the 2nd December was probably the best planned and best executed coup d’Etat of the whole post-French Revolutionary period. And yet, it is relatively unstudied. To be sure, Republican mythology stigmatised the coup right from the start as a repugnant act, a sort of birth certificate which was contrary to Republican unity, a unity which carried within itself the nascent parliamentary democracy. 

Furthermore, the coup was long to remain in the collective memory as a symbol for the excess of an over powerful executive, disqualifying all attempts at modifying the balance of power. Nevertheless, when Marx referred to the coup, he identified it with Brumaire (Louis Bonaparte’s 18 Brumaire, 1852). On the other hand, when Curzio Malaparte (The Technique of the coup d’Etat, 1931) and Edward Luttwak (Coup d’Etat: a practical handbook, 1969), created the identikit photo of the coup d’Etat, they forgot Napoleon III’s, preferring (amongst others) the coup of October 1917, the march on Rome or the Munich putsch, even though these were improvised or less well executed, and whose qualification even as coup d’Etat is subject to caution.

It is therefore appropriate to ask questions regarding the relative but real ignorance concerning 2 December and its position as a model, or better still, archetype of the modern coup d’Etat.

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