N°1, mai - août 2008

Premier Empire

Armées et guerres, Diplomatie

The Militarisation of society in Georgian Britain and Napoleonic France
Peter HICKS, Fondation Napoléon (France, Paris) ; Visiting Professor à l'Université de Bath (Royaume-Uni)
RésuméAbstract

During the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period, Britain was faced with a massive invasion threat, second only to Caesar and William the Conqueror. Linda Colley in Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837, (1993) has spelt out that the resulting mass volunteering (and arming) in Britain of the general male populace to counter the menace had an enormous effect on British society. J. E. Cookson in his 1997 book, The British Armed Nation, 1793-1815, has gone into great detail on the relationship between the militia, the volunteers and the army. “As in other major European states,” Colley has noted, “in Great Britain, it was training in arms under the auspices of the state that was the most common working class experience in the late-18th and early-19th centuries, not working in a factory or membership of a radical political association.” The British army grew sixfold during the Napoleonic period and the navy eightfold. The French experience had many striking similarities. During the early years of the French Revolution, the young republic declared war against its perceived aggressors and enacted the first of its mass levies to protect ‘la patrie en danger’. This militarization of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic French state has likewise recently been the subject of a body of work, notably the edited book Jacques-Olivier Boudon, Armée, guerre et Société à l’époque napoléonienne, and the study by the renowned French historian of the French Revolution, Jean-Paul Bertaud, Quand les enfants parlaient de gloire: l’armée au Coeur de la France de Napoléon. Both Britain and Revolutionary France became ‘armed nations’. The aim of this paper is to give a comparative study of these British and French national movements in the face of a perceived threat from abroad.

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